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标题: 英文诗歌用词、词法、句法讲解

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发表于 2005-12-9 14:09  资料  短消息  加为好友 

英诗用词(Poetic Vocabulary)


  名词


  array(clothes,衣服、盛装);


  babe(baby,婴儿),


  bane(poison,mischief,毒物、祸根),


  billow(wave,波涛),


  bliss(happiness,幸福),


  bower(dwelling,卧室、闺房),


  brine(ocean,海洋、泪水),


  brow(forehead,额头);


  chanticleer(cock,雄鸡),


  charger(horse,马);


  dale(valley,谷、溪谷);


  foe,foeman(enemy,仇敌);


  fere(friend,朋友);


  glebe(earth,field,土地、田野),


  goblet(cup,酒杯),


  gore(blood,流出的血),


  grot(cave,洞穴),


  guile(deceit,狡诈);


  ire(anger,怒火);


  ken(perception,看见);


  maid(girl,少女),


  main(sea or ocean,海洋,沧海),


  marge(margin,边缘),


  mart(market,市场),


  mead(meadow,草地),


  meed(reward,应得的报答),


  might(strength,力量、权势),


  morn(morning,黎明);


  number(verse or metre,诗文、韵律),


  nuptials(marriage,婚礼);


  poesy(poetry,诗歌、诗才);


  quest(search,探求);


  realm(kingdom,王国);


  scribe(writer,作家),


  sire(father,父),


  spouse(wife,配偶、夫或妻),


  steed(horse,骏马),


  swain(peasant,农民),


  sward(grass,草地),


  swine(pig,猪);


  thrall(bondage,奴役),


  tilth(agriculture,耕种),


  troth(veracity or faithfulness,忠诚);


  vale(valley,溪谷),


  victor(conqueror,战胜者);


  weal(welfare,幸福),


  woe(sorrow or misery,悲哀);


  yeoman(peasant,farmer,村农);


  列举以下诗行为例:


  1、Wide o'er the foaming billows


  She cast a wistful look.


  (Gray)


  billows = waves


  越过汹涌的波涛,


  她怀念地怅望。


  2、With thee, my bark,


  I'll swiftly go athwart the foaming brine.


  (Byron)


  坐上你,我的小舟,


  我将飞越汹涌的海洋。


  3、His valiant peers were placed around,


  Their brows with roses and with myrtle bound.


  (Drydon)


  brows = forehead


  他勇敢的同僚们簇拥他在中央,


  他们头上戴着玫瑰和长春花花环。


  4、Hill and dale, doth boast thy blessing.


  (Milton)


  dale = valley


  山峦、溪谷,以你的祝福而自豪。


  5、Within Love's foes, his greatest foes abide,


  Malice, Inconstancy and Pride.


  (Cowley)


  foe = enemy


  在爱神的仇敌中,最凶的顽敌虎视眈眈,


  邪恶、不贞和自命不凡。


  6、One morn I missed him on the custom'd hill.


  (Gray)


  morn = morning


  一个早晨,


  我在常走的小山上,


  未曾见到他。


  7、Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow for old, unhappy, far-off things.


  (Wordsworth)


  numbers = verses


  或许,悲怆的诗文流溢出古老、不幸、遥远的往事。


  8、That lady sat in mournful mood,


  Look'd over hill and vale.


  (Scott)


  vale = valley


  姑娘悲伤地独自静坐,


  俯视着群山和幽谷。

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发表于 2005-12-9 14:10  资料  短消息  加为好友 

  形容词

  aweary(weary,厌倦的);

  baleful(pernicious,有害的、不吉的);

  beauteous(beautiful,美丽的),

  bootless(unprofitable,无益的),

  bosky(wooded,有树丛的);

  clamant(noisy,喧嚷的);

  darksome(dark,阴暗的),

  dauntless(brave,无所畏惧的),

  dire(dreadful,可怕的),

  dread(dreadful,令人畏惧的),

  drear(dreary,沉闷的);

  fair(beautiful,美丽的),

  fond(foolish,不大可能实现的),

  forlorn(distressed,悲惨的);

  hallowed(holy,神圣的),

  hapless(unhappy,不幸的);

  ingrate(ungrateful,忘恩的),

  intrepid(brave,无畏的);

  jocund(merry,欢乐的),

  joyless(unhappy,悲哀的);

  lone(lonesome,lonely,寂寞的、孤独的),

  lovesome(lovely,可爱的),

  lowly(low or humble,低下的、谦卑的);

  murky(grim,阴沉的),

  mute(silent,缄默的);

  quenchless(inextinguishable,不可熄灭的);

  rapt(delighted,着迷的),

  recreant(unfaithful,变节的);

  sequestered(retired,lonely,退隐的、寂寞的),

  stilly(still,寂静的),

  sylvan(woody,森林的);

  uncouth(unusual,笨拙的);

  wrathful(angry,怒气冲冲的)

  列举以下诗行为例:

  1、She said, "I am aweary,

  I would that I were dead!"

  (Tennyson)

  aweary = weary

  她说,"我真受够了,

  要是死,我也情愿!"

  2、When the merry bells ring round,

  And the jocund rebecks sound …

  (Milton)

  jocund = merry

  当欢乐的钟声回荡,

  愉快的琴声飘扬……

  3、Along the cool sequestered vale of life,

  They kept the noiseless tenour of their way.

  (Gray)

  sequestered = lonely

  沿着生命冷漠孤独的山谷,

  他们坚持了不声不响的正路。

  副词

  amain(violently,suddenly,猛然、突然),

  anon(soon,立刻);

  erst(formerly,往昔);

  full(very,完美的);

  haply(perhaps,或许),

  hard by(close or very near,在近旁);

  natheless(nevertheless,然而),

  nigh(almost,几乎);

  right(very,precisely,准确的);

  scantly(scantily,贫乏的),

  scarce(scarcely,刚刚),

  sore(sorely,痛苦的);

  whilom(formerly,从前)

  列举以下诗行为例

  1、Haply some hoary-headed swain may say…

  (Gray)

  haply = perhaps

  或许鬓发斑白的情人会说……

  2、Hard by, a cottage-chimney smokes.

  (Milton)

  hard by = very near

  近处,村舍炊烟袅袅。

  3、It was near the ringing of matin-bell,

  The night was well nigh done.

  (Scott)

  nigh=almost

  晨祷钟声即将响起,

  黑夜几已消尽。

  4、Sweet was the sound, when, oft at ev'ning's close…

  (Goldsmith)

  oft=often

  常值黄昏临近,

  此声最为温馨。

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发表于 2005-12-9 14:11  资料  短消息  加为好友 

  动词

  behold(see,看),

  brook(bear,容忍、忍受);

  cleave(cling,依恋),

  cumber(distress,trouble,烦累);

  deem(think,认为);

  fare(walk,行走);

  hearken(hear,attend,倾听、给予注意),

  hie(hasten,赶紧);

  ken(know,知道);

  list(listen,听见);

  methink(seem to me,据我看来);

  quaff(drink,痛饮),

  quoth(said,说);

  obscure(darken,使黑暗);

  slay(kill,杀害),

  smite(strike,重击),

  sojorn(lodge or dwell,旅居),

  speed(hasten,促进);

  tarry(remain,逗留),

  trow(believe,相信);

  vanquish(conquer,征服);

  wax(grow,渐增)

  列举以下诗行为例:

  1、Behold her, single in the field,

  Yon solitary Highland lass!

  (Wordsworth)

  behold=see

  看!那边的田野里,

  苏格兰姑娘她独自一人。

  2、Oh! Quickly string the harp,

  I yet can brook to hear.

  (Byron)

  brook=bear

  啊!快调好竖琴琴弦,

  我还能耐心倾听。

  3、Let not the dark thee cumber.

  (Herrick)

  cumber=distress

  不要让黑暗使你疲累。

  4、Him have we seen the greenwood side along,

  While o'ver the heath we hied.

  (Gray)

  hie=hasten

  当我们匆匆走过石南丛生的荒地,

  我们在绿树丛边看见了他。

  5、Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken.

  (Coleridge)

  ken=know

  我们对人与兽一无所知。

  6、And then methought it did appear a violet dropping dew.

  (Byron)

  methought=seemed to me

  随即我以为,真降过一阵紫色的露珠。

  7、Then changed, I trow, was that bold Baron's brow.

  trow=believe

  我相信,那勇敢男爵的表情已有变化。

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发表于 2005-12-9 14:11  资料  短消息  加为好友 

  代词

  aught(anything,任何事物);

  naught(nothing,没有什么);

  thou,(you,你【主格】),

  thee(you,你【宾格】),

  thy(your,你的),

  thine(your,你的【在元音或h之前】);

  yonder,yon(that,在那儿的物或人),

  ye(you,你们)

  列举以下诗行为例:

  1、Tell me, thou star, whose wings of light,

  Speed thee in thy fiery light.

  (Shelley)

  thou=you【主】,thee=you【宾】,thy=your

  你,星星,告诉我,谁的光亮翅膀,

  在你的灼热光亮中使你疾翔……

  2、I saw thee weep.

  (Byron)

  thee=you

  我看见了你在哭泣。

  2、Near yonder thorn, that lifts its head on high…

  (Goldsmith)

  yonder=that

  临近那蒺藜,它高高昂起了它的头……

  连接词:

  albeit(although,尽管、虽然);

  ere(before,在……以前)

  When in one night, ere glimpse of morn…

  (Milton)

  ere=before

  在一个夜晚,瞥见晨曦之前……

  前置词:

  anent(concerning,关于),amidst(among,在……当中),athwart(across,横跨);

  betwixt(between,在……中间)

  She drew her casement curtain by, and glanced athwart the glooming flats.

  (Tennyson)

  athwart=across

  她拉开窗帘,

  目光横掠过阴郁的旷野。

  英诗词法、句法要点(Poetic Grammar)

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发表于 2005-12-9 14:12  资料  短消息  加为好友 

  词法

  动词

  1、 动词一般现在时第三人称单数的形式是在动词尾加-th,像liveth,knoweth,hath等等。

  如:

  From her kennel beneath the rock

  She maketh answer to the clock. (Coleridge)

  在她岩石下面的洞穴中,

  她按照时钟行事。

  And in silence prayeth she. (Coleridge)

  她默默地祈祷。

  2、 现在时及过去时第二人称单数动词词尾加-st的形式,像livest,knowest,sayst,dost,livedst,knewest,saidst,didst,hadst等,此外还有动词shall,will, be的形式为shalt,wilt,art(现在时单数第二人称thou art等于you are),wert(或wast,第二人称,单数过去时thou wert或thou wast等于you were)。上述各种形式均与第二人称单数人称代词thou连用。

  如:

  Nor care what land thou bearst me to.(Byron)

  我不介意你带我前往何方。

  With double joy wert thou with me. (Byron)

  你与我共享双重欢乐。

  Thou liest, thou liest, thou little foot-page,

  Loud dost thou lie to me! (Scott)

  你撒谎,你撒谎,你这个小随从,

  你竟敢明目张胆地对我撒谎!

  3、 过去时和过去分词的较古老形式。

  如:wrought (worked), bade (bid), begat (begot), clove (cleft), crew (crowed), drave (drove), spake (spoke), throve (thrived), clomb (climbed), clad (clothed), bare (bore, "bear"的过去时),broke (broken), lockt (locked), sate (sat)等。

  And hark, again, the crowing cock,

  How drowsily it crew. (Coleridge)

  听,鸡又啼鸣,

  那么使人昏然入眠。

  Aloft in awful state

  The godlike hero sate. (Dryden)

  高高在上,令人生畏,

  俨如上帝,英雄就位。

  And the loud laugh that spake the vacant mind. (Goldsmith)

  高亢的笑声说出了心灵的空虚。

  形容词

  1、 形容词用作名词:

  Below the chestnuts, when their buds were glistening to the breezy blue (-sky). (Tennyson)

  栗树荫中,嫩果向着漠然的蓝天闪烁。

  The dreaded vast (-expanse) of night. (Milton)

  令人生畏茫茫无际的黑夜。

  Where I used to play on the green (-grass). (Blake)

  昔日我常在那绿茵之上嬉戏。

  2、使用复合形容词取得简洁效果:

  Or in the violet-embroidered vale. (Milton)

  在开满了紫罗兰的山谷里。

  Before the crimson-circled star. (Tennyson)

  在绯红色光环围绕的星星之前。

  副词

  1、 副词词尾不加-ly:

  They praised him soft and low. (Tennyson)

  他们柔声低语地赞扬他。

  The green trees whispered low and mild. (Longfellow)

  绿树轻柔地沙沙私语。

  Oh night,

  And storm, and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. (Byron)

  啊,夜晚,暴风雨和黑暗,你们多么惊人地倔强。

  2、-ly结尾的副词以-lier的形式表示比较级:

  You have taken it wiselier than I meant you should. (Shakespeare)

  你已经泰然处之,胜过我所期望于你。

  Strange friend, present, and to be:

  Loved deeplier, darklier understood. (Tennyson)

  现在和将来的陌生朋友:

  爱得更深,体谅得更知己。

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发表于 2005-12-9 14:12  资料  短消息  加为好友 

  句法

  词序:为了保持韵律,英诗中的词序与正常词序有所不同。

  1、 形容词放在所形容的名词之后,而不是在前:

  Daisies pied and violets blue. (Shakespeare)

  色彩斑驳的雏菊和蓝色的紫罗兰。

  So by the caverns of the forest green. (Shelley)

  在青青丛林中的山洞旁。

  With notes angelical to many a harp. (Milton)

  一个又一个竖琴,奏出天使的曲调。

  2、 主语位于谓语之后:

  And in silence prayeth she. (Coleridge)

  她默默地祈祷。

  And a wealthy wife was she. (Old Ballad)

  她是富家妇。

  Then came still evening on. (Milton)

  随即黄昏照常来临。

  3、 直接宾语位于动词之前:

  And she me caught in her arms long and small. (Wyatt)

  她用细长瘦削的胳臂抱住了我。

  Where wine the wit may not oppress. (Howard)

  美酒灌不昏头脑。

  4、 前置词在启宾语(名词)之后:

  Where echo walks steep hills among.

  回声在陡峭的群山之中回荡。

  省略或删节句法中通常需要的字词

  1、 省略冠词:

  Creeping like (a) snail unwillingly to school …

  像条蜗牛在爬行,满心不愿意去上学……

  2、 省略名词或代词:

  (He) who steals my purse steals trash.

  偷我钱包的人一无所得。

  3、 省略限定动词(finite verb):

  Happy (is) the man, whose wish and care …

  这个人非常愉快,他的希望和忧虑……

  4、 省略前置词:

  Despair and anguish fled (from) the struggling soul.

  绝望和痛苦离开了挣扎中的灵魂。

  5、 省略作附属从句主语的关系代词"that":

  'Tis distance (that) lends enchantment to the view.

  远则亲。

  6、 省略辅助动词:

  How, why, or when, or where——it matters not. (Shelley)

  怎样,为何,何时或是何地——无关紧要。

  I speak not,,

  I trace not,

  I breathe not thy name. (Byron)

  我将从不说起,

  不追溯。

  不低声呼叫你的名字。

  为了保持韵律,省略元音或音节的发音。在文字中,省略处使用省字号(')

  如:heav'n(heaven), 'tis(it is), 'twas(it was), o'er(over), 'gainst(against), th'(the), i'(in), 'twixt(betwixt), e'en(even), 'neath(beneath), 'mong(among), mem'ries(memories)等等。另在动词词尾的"-ed"中的"e"通常用省字号()代替。如:lov'd,turn'd等。

  And th' eternal morrow dawn. (Grashaw)

  永恒的拂晓。

  For though the hand of fate could force

  'Twixt soul and body a divorce. (Grashaw)

  虽然命运之手能迫使灵魂及躯体分离。

  E'en from the tomb the voice of Nature cries,

  E'en in our ashes live their wanted fires. (Gray)

  即使在坟墓中,生命之声仍在呼叫,

  即使在我们的骨灰中,它们无力的火焰仍在燃烧。

  为了保持韵律,有时动词词尾"ed"中的字母"e"需要发音。这种情况通常在"e"上加一发音符号,即(、)

  如:belovèd,charmèd,trancèd。

  例如:

  No, no! The utmost share

  Of my desire shall be,

  Only to kiss the air

  That lately kissed thee. (Herrick)

  不,不!在我心中,

  我多么渴望参与,

  仅仅亲吻这阵微风,

  它刚刚吻过了你。

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